Graduation Speech Special Education - 1091 Words

Throughout my life, I feel as though I have had many encounters with special education. Growing up, my grandmothers close friend had a daughter that had down syndrome. She was extremely sweet and loved company. Her parents had six other children who were grown and lived on their own. However, she lived at home with her parents her whole life. In elementary school, I do not remember many encounters with special education students. I do remember some kids being taken out of my class for part of the day, but that was my only experience during that time. In middle school, I remember a few students that had disabilities. There was one boy that had autism, and he would stay with my class all day. The teachers would give him easier worksheets to†¦show more content†¦The girl with down syndrome was very outgoing and talked to me the whole time! However, the girl with autism was very set back. She would barely communicate with me, and that was because she did not know me and was not comfortable with me yet. It was difficult keeping up with them in the hallways because one would go one way, and the other would go a different way. With that being said, I would not have traded that experience for the world. Within the past year, teachers at my little sister’s school have started suspecting that she may have dyslexia. She has yet to be tested, but it will be happening soon. She has always had issues with reading, but never thought this would be why. However, if the tests come back, and they do say that she has dyslexia, that is not going to hold her down. She will still be able to conquer anything that she sets her mind to. Having a disability does not hold any person back from being able to succeed anything they want to. With the proper help, instruction and motivation, any student with a disability can be successful. Being different does not make you incapable. That is also something that I got from the PowerPoints. After reading chapters one and two of the book â€Å"Exceptional lives†, I could more easily understand special education. As a teacher, I will mostly likely have many students with disabilities in my class throughout my career. WithShow MoreRelatedGraduation Speech : Special Education753 Words   |  4 PagesPrincipal, special education teacher, and a general education teacher who teaches Spanish I have come to the conclusion, the three individuals I chose have had a great deal of time within the secondary special education services over their years in education. Ranging from years of experience from fifteen years for my principal, to twenty-one years for my special education teacher, to a whopping thirty-four years for our Spanish teacher. Therefore, I know if I ever have any questions over special educationRead MoreGraduation Speech On Special Education942 Words   |  4 PagesAmid the rush of the last week of school, I was able to sit down with my principal, who is retiring after 32 years in education. He has spent the majority of it as a building administrator, but the 22 years have been spread over elementary, middle, and high school populations. Originally, he taught high school Spanish and is fluent in several languages. H e talks to all our students in Spanish at some point during their high school experience, which gives those studying the language the opportunityRead MoreGraduation Speech : Special Education Program1088 Words   |  5 Pagesidentified as a special needs student, the process of signing up for classes is not as simple as for other students. When trying to earn a high school diploma, special education students encounter difficulties not faced by their peers. The first step is for parents, school staff, and the student to meet and determine the best option for the student in order to receive a diploma. Determining the student’s path is called an IEP, individualized education plan. All special education students have anRead MoreGraduation Speech : A Special Education Classroom955 Words   |  4 Pagesenvironment as you walked into her special education classroom felt very open. As soon as I walked in I could tell that the students felt accepted in this classroom. I enjoyed th e way that the adults were referred to by their first names. I was referred to as Ms. Caroline and that made me feel like I wasn’t as far off from the students. I saw a lot of trust and good connections among Mrs. ElsaMiller and her students. I spent two days in Mrs. ElsaMiller’s special education classroom. In these two daysRead MoreGraduation Speech : Special Education Program2505 Words   |  11 PagesStudents enrolled in special education programs are generally defined as passive learners. Many students in the special education program transfer their passive classroom learning into their knowledge of their Individualized Education Program (IEP) and rarely demonstrate self-determination skills. Few students attend their IEP meeting and fewer students know their IEP goals and goal areas. Thus, the students in the special education setting display a lack of involvement and participation in theirRead MoreSeparation of Church and State685 Words   |  3 Pagesas â€Å"wall of separation between church and state†, is a phrase used by Thomas Jefferson in understanding the two clauses of the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States: Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause. The publi c education system felt the greatest impact as a result of the First Amendment of the Constitution in 1791, when the connection between God and the good of civilization was destroyed. God is slowly being taken of classrooms, ceremonies and even sporting eventsRead MoreGraduation Speech - Original Writing992 Words   |  4 Pagesother alumni are in jail, died in the zombie apocalypse a while back, or have been wiped off the face of the earth somehow, I don’t know, I couldn’t possibly care any less about those that I went to high school with and that are there after me. Graduation was one of the better days of my young life. If you haven’t figured it out, I was not a fan of high school. They couldn’t pay or beg me enough to teach at any high school here in the county, hence why I am teaching at the middle school level, asRead More The Individuals with Disability Education Act Policy Essay example1602 Words   |  7 PagesDisabilities Education Act (IDEA), which is a supersession of the Education of All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 is a federal law which requires states and their school districts to provide individuals with disabilities a free and appropriate education. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children and youth with disabilities. US Department Of Education (n.d.) The populationRead MoreBankier et al. (1999) stated that M. would come back and forth to mental health facility not only600 Words   |  3 Pagesseveral months after 1995. He displays took the rest of sadness as well as being hyper, which could have been a trait for bipolar disorder formerly known as manic depression (Bankier et al. 1999). It may also be by his parents did not want him to speech specialist what might have caused him not to get the correct diagnosis. M may have also showed signs of having ADHD or ADD Attention Deficit Disorder or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder which would have explained to the psychologists whyRead MoreEffective Methods For Accommodating Students With Disabilities Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pageselementary schools? Preface The right to equal education should be in reach of all students’ regardless of their educational needs and backgrounds. The barriers that students’ with disabilities face are evident in today’s public school education. We as educators sometimes ignore the capabilities of some of our disabled students’ and impede them from achieving their fullest potential. Inclusive education implementation has helped improve the quality of education offered to all children who attend school

Obesity And Fast Food - 1444 Words

Do you know what disease is the second leading cause of deaths after tobacco use in the United States? In the United States, obesity is one of the public health issues that causes thousand of deaths. When a person’s body mass index shows an extremely high number, he or she is considered having obesity. It is important because it is a serious health problem due to mortality and morbidity. In addition, eating many unhealthy food and lacking exercises lead to dangerous chronic illnesses which then leads to premature death. Lifestyle choices contribute to obesity, in general, and can have adverse health outcomes like chronic illnesses and death. Surprisingly, countless fast food restaurants provide cheap, fast, and delicious fast foods which†¦show more content†¦Marcel conveys, â€Å"Researchers report that Blacks who live in close proximity to fast food restaurants have a higher body mass index (BMI) than those who do not† (Marcel). Not only do Americans who have low economies and under population are receiving obesity; however, principally, Black people are also getting obesity based on the location they live. Consequently, both low economies and wherabouts are two of the factors for Americans as well as Blacks to get an obesity health case. Since fast foods contain ingredients such as trans fats, ingesting too much of it leads to mental health. According to Marcel, â€Å"Along with the health risks (e.g., CAD, cancer, DM2) that are associated with consumption of trans fat, researchers report that there is a connection between trans fat intake and mental health† (Marcel). Researchers prove trans fats are an effect of disturbing mental health. Marcel points out, â€Å"Results indicated that high consumption of trans fats has a detrimental effect on memory, language, attention, and speed of mental processing† (Marcel). High consumption of trans fats can leave after effects. Therefore, fast foods that have high trans fats are lik ely harmful and influence Americans’ mental health to become worse. Some Americans are inactive and ignore going outdoor to do any physical exercises orShow MoreRelatedFast Food And Obesity771 Words   |  4 Pages Is fast food causing people to be obese or is it just a part of the equation? Three hundred thousand people die each year from obesity linked deaths. According to the health care costs of obesity, obese adults spend 42 percent more on direct health care costs than adults who are a healthy weight. Obesity has been an ongoing epidemic for many years not only in America but many other countries. Kids nowadays eat more fast food because it is easy for them to choose this option. Even some schoolsRead MoreFast Food And Obesity : Obesity2432 Words   |  10 PagesKimberly Vang English 1A Andrew Bligh 30 July 2014 Fast Food and Obesity In the Fresno County, a lot of children are becoming overweight and obese. Parents are not doing their proper jobs by looking after or taking care of their children. They are over feeding them; stuffing them with sweets and sodas, and junk foods. Parents aren’t really paying attention until their child is overweight and obese. For example, in Bridget Kelly’s article she showed that 10% of children and over 22 million kidsRead MoreFast Food and Obesity1681 Words   |  7 PagesIs Fast Food Causing Obesity or Are We? Obesity is a growing problem in America that has serious consequences for us and our children. Some would argue this growing predicament is due to the poor choices made by the fast food industries and the unhealthy foods they have available to the public. Others like the Center for Consumer Freedom, would argue that it is not only their choice to eat healthy or unhealthy but also every individuals right as Americans to make that choice without the interferenceRead MoreFast Food and Obesity in Adults990 Words   |  4 Pages2013 Fast Food and Obesity in Adults In Aprils addition of Men’s Health magazine there is a picture of salted golden French fries inside a white cup. This advertisement invokes hunger for unhealthy and cheap fast food to consumers. The fast food industries false advertisements, unhealthy food, and long term effects of consuming fast food all lead to the causes and effects of adulthood obesity in the lives of thousands of Americans today. McDonalds, Burger King, Wendy’s, and other fast food industriesRead MoreFast Food And The Obesity Epidemic933 Words   |  4 PagesFast –food Industries are to be Blame for Obesity Visualize the world somewhere a school-age child can step out of his school and walk into a McDonalds. Fast-food causes an array of problems in your body. The food is often high in sugar, fat, and calories while providing very few nutrients. The obesity epidemic Americans face today is a growing problem that affects more than half of the population with growing body sizes and serious medical problems associated with obesity. It is a problem thatRead MoreFast Food And Its Effect On Obesity1655 Words   |  7 PagesKhalid Alebraheem ENG 101 November 25, 2014 Fast Food and Its Effect on Obesity Today, the names of fast food and obesity are synonymous worldwide. Since the 1970s, the number of fast food restaurants in the US has doubled, corresponding to approximately 300,000 new chains (Egger and Boyd 23). Equally, there has been an exponential increase in the number of obese people over the same period, turning obesity into a public health problem in the US and most developed nations (Egger and Boyd 25). HenceRead MoreFast Food Is The Reason For Obesity955 Words   |  4 PagesFast food is the reason to blame for obesity. Food made and prepared in a matter of minutes should certainly raise some flags. ---- Roberto De Vogli states in â€Å"†globesization’: ecological evidence on the relationship between fast food outlets and obesity among 26 advanced economies† that â€Å" the diffusion of ‘fast food restaurants’ resulting from rapid global market integration (Hawkes 2009) and trade liberalization policies (Thow and Hawkes 2009) seems to b e one of the key contributing factors behindRead MoreFast Food Restaurants And Obesity1528 Words   |  7 PagesDo fast food restaurants contribute to obesity in America? One out of every four Americans stop by to eat fast food daily. Many people may not know this, but you would have to walk seven straight hours to burn off a super sized Coke, fry, and Big Mac. Sixty percent of all Americans are either overweight or obese. Did you also know that some fast food restaurants sell more toys than Toys-R-Us? Fast food restaurants contribute to obesity in America by promoting time-saving eating options, using celebritiesRead MoreFast Food Obesity Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the years, fast food is becoming more and more of an outlet for many people that are short on change, in a rush but still need to grab a bite to eat, or even who are just too lazy to cook a meal. Fast food is very cheap, yet when we eat it we don’t necessarily realize the price we pay when we are starting to gain weight. Who is to blame? The person that is addicted to fast food, or the fast food restaurants? I agree fast food is cheap, yet delicious. I understand th at it may get addictingRead MoreFast Food And Childhood Obesity1166 Words   |  5 Pages â€Å"Childhood obesity is a serious epidemic, affecting children across the world. In our country alone, 17% of all children and adolescents are now obese, triple the rate from just a generation ago† (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2011). This drastic increase leads researchers and ordinary citizens alike to speculate about possible causes. Fast food consumption is one potential cause that has received widespread attention. Many researchers have looked at the relationship

Communication Plan of Samsung

Question: Discuss about the Communication Plan of Samsung. Answer: Introduction Samsung has positioned its business to be among the worlds leading electronic organization that specializes in manufacturing media and digital appliances and system integration. In the recent years, the companys innovative and superior quality offerings are recognized globally. From experiencing superior business performance, Samsung has expanded its product lines along with market reach, increased its revenue along with increased market share. The mission of the marketing communication plan of Samsung is to make life better for all its target consumers all over the world (Samsung.com, 2017). Integrated marketing communication plan can be explained as the part of marketing communication planning that identifies the benefit that has an objective of analyzing the strategic objectives of several communication objectives of a company including direct response, sales promotion, general advertising, and public relations. The objective of the report is to develop an effective marketing communication plan for Samsung Company. The paper will also conduct stakeholder analysis along with developing effective formal and informal communication channels. Moreover, evaluation of these communication channels will be conducted. Though developing efficient communication plan, Samsung has intended to develop innovative technologies and productive business that generates fresh markets, enriches lives of people, and positioned Samsung as a digital leader. Stakeholder Analysis The internal stakeholders of Samsung Company include its employees considering which the company has developed effective communication strategies. Such strategies include conducting employee satisfaction surveys, grievance process systems and maintaining effective labor council. Such communication strategies are developed buy the company in order to maintain high work-life balance among balance, innovative organizational culture, and maintaining workplace diversity (Blakeman 2014). External Stakeholders The external stakeholders of Samsung Company includes consumers, business partners, investors, NGOs, press, government and local communities. Communication plan of Samsung Company for consumers considers conducting regular consumer satisfaction surveys and their response to the CSR initiatives of the company. Communication process with the business partners includes carrying out external interview, collaboration, and exchange meetings along with conducting best practice workshops (Bostrom et al. 2013). Communication with the local communities can be carried out by means of local community conferences along with communicating through volunteer service centers. Maintaining effective communication with all its stakeholders can facilitate Samsung Company to develop effective communication plan that can increase employee motivation and gain huge attention of its investors and target consumers. Corporate Communication of Samsung The higher-level management of Samsung is a firm believer of strong values, which holds the key to sound decision-making. The core value statements of the organisation are briefly summarised as follows: People: In the words of Hill, Jones and Schilling (2014), the employees form the key to assure the success of an organisation. The organisation is dedicated to provide its people with a vast array of opportunities in accomplishing their full potential. Excellence: The products in Samsung are developed with passion to strive for excellence and commitment to assure the best quality prevailing in the operating market. Change: As commented by Kim, Hong and Kim (2014), in the current era, change is fixed and innovation is mandatory to ensure the survival of an organisation. The organisation constantly estimates the market demands and needs through adequate market research for steering the company to ensure long-term growth in future. Integrity: Samsung conducts its business operations in an ethical manner, which assures fairness, interests of the associated stakeholders and full transparency. Co-prosperity: Samsung has adopted effective corporate practices by ensuring sustainable social and environmental mechanisms in all the communities, in which it operates. Mission Statement Samsung has been focused in developing its brand image to be the leader in the global telecommunications industry. It has been observed that Samsung has been involved in modifying its reputation of fast follower, since it follows others by observing the introduction of new technologies in the global markets (Samsung.com 2017). Despite such success, Apple still enjoys competitive edge over Samsung, since it comes up with high technological and innovative products. Therefore, the leaders of Samsung are involved in transforming the strategies and culture of the organisation to be the creative leader in the Smartphone market. This would be achieved with through market research and development. Strategic Plan Samsung makes economies with the help of location choice. This is made by building manufacturers and research and development centres in ideal places at cheaper costs. Samsung outsources labour at cheaper cost from Vietnam and China to reduce its manufacturing cost of products. In the European market, Samsung manufactures its products in Poland, which has an adequate balance of technical knowhow and labour cost (Schlinke and Crain 2013). Hence, it helps in minimising tax payments and delivery costs for Samsung. Along with this, it takes lessons from the market difficulties to find solutions for overcoming the next challenge. Finally, Samsung emphasises on product diversification to deliver maximum value and satisfaction to the customers, as a part of the strategic plan. Communication Methods and Events Samsung incurs heavy amount in promoting its products with the help of television commercials and social media. For instance, the logo of Samsung has paraded over Spain for promoting its new galaxy phone. In addition, Samsung has used the Global Mobile Convention in 2011, which has helped in earning public relations from the media (Jung 2014). Furthermore, the organisation places advertisements on the global and regional newspapers to communicate necessary information to the associated stakeholders. However, Samsung needs to concentrate more on social media communication in order to increase the awareness of the customers. Along with this, it needs to communicate with different promotional tools like billboards and YouTube videos for increasing its presence in the global market. Communication Event Schedule The steps involved in the communication event Schedule of Samsung is mentioned under: The first step is to gather support from the upper management for the reason that the employees can observe that change is vital for them. This is the way in which percentage approval can be attained from upper management is by offering regulator cash pushing updates that can facilitate in decreasing costs. The next step of the communication plan event of Samsung is to generate need for change for which the change agents can generate support from each organizational level. The management considers communicating with its employees the reason for which certain changes needs taking place (Jung 2014). The companys communication event will consider not releasing any update unless it has been evaluated thoroughly can decrease the number of technical support call along with poor publicity by the press. In Samsung Company, technology has a great part in the communication plan. Management off the company can utilize e-mail for launching its communication plan. Moreover, the company can also employ pop-up displays at the time small success is attained. Moreover, companys intranet can display and communicate the effectives of change, can report the communication issues and the things needs to take place for allowing change to take place in the company. To decrease negative comments regarding the company offerings, Samsung can develop frequently asked questions for answering any negativity that might take place. Managers of Samsung must be involved with its employees for dealing with any negativity-taking place. Marketing Communication Plan Objectives A comprehensive integrated plan of marketing communication intends to develop certain objectives. The Samsung Company has set certain objectives for developing effective marketing communication plan implementation. Such marketing communication plan objectives are mentioned under: The objective for the marketing communication campaign of Samsung is to increase consumer awareness by the rate of 25%. Another objective of the marketing communication plan will be to increase its reach to its target audiences through communicating with them twice a week at the time of the marketing campaigns first quarter. The objective of the marketing communication plan is required to be measurable and specific (Naeem et al. 2013). Communication Plan Based on Diverse Culture Considering the fact that the employees and consumers of Samsung belongs to a diverse culture, the corporate culture of the company considers diversifying and constantly innovating, operating business in perpetual crisis and always remaining prepared with back-up. Communication plan of Samsung based on Hofstedes cultural dimension models is described below: Power Distance: Communication strategy has been prepared by Samsung considering that having a score of 60, certain nations in which company has its business has a hierarchical society and people there intends to follow a hierarchical order (Kim et al. 2014). Individualism: Attaining a score of 18, several nations in which the company has its business operations serves as a collectivist society. It centers on close extended term commitment to the family. Masculinity/Femininity: The Company operates in certain nations that have a score of 39 in being a feminine society (Hill et al. 2014). Considering that under this culture people values solidarity, equality and quality in their work lives. Samsung company tends to solve conflicts are resolved through negotiation and compromise. Uncertainty Avoidance: Few nations in which Samsung has its business have a score of 85 that makes it among the most uncertainty avoiding nations in the world. Considering the same, Samsung maintains strong codes of behavior and belief. Corporate communication culture of the company in such nations is developed in consideration that they have inner urge to remain busy and work hard, punctuality and precision by making it a norm. Formal and Informal Communication Channels Formal Communication Channels Passing Circular: Samsung Company must consider developing effective communication plan through passing circulars among the target audiences. Print circulars are provided to target audiences that will intend to promote local deals (Csiksov et al. 2014). Online print circulars can be provided to the target consumers through sending e-mails to them regarding new product specifications or several product innovations. Samsung must consider limitations of communicating through passing circulars as this medium of communication can be informal for which some target audiences might tend to ignore them. Informal Communication Channels Television Advertisement: Samsung Company must use effective communication channel such as television advertisements in order to generate high brand awareness. Samsung along with the advertising agency Chile internationally can decide to release an innovative marketing communication campaign in the previous year. The company can communicate their brand message to its target audiences through developing videos that will present the exciting features of all its Smartphone product ranges along with their qualities (Schlinke and Crain 2013). Internet Marketing: Online banner advertising increases consumer awareness through the Face book and YouTube communication channels. For the reason that, YouTube and Face book serves as among the largest online site for social networking and communication for Samsung electronic gadgets. Considering this communication strategy, it can be stated that the company will be able to provide tough competition to Htc and Nokia on the communication channels such as Face book and YouTube for promotions (Barger and Labrecque 2013). One the major disadvantage of employing the internet-marketing medium is that such communication medium decreases face-to-face contact that might not facilitate the company to develop strong rapport with all its target audience. For this reason, it might lose consumers in comparison to its traditional competitors those are involved in superior consumer service strategies. Sales Promotion: In order to attract the target consumer base, Samsung Company must offer different bonus pack for its consumers those consider purchasing new Samsung electronic gadget in exchange for their old electronic gadgets in order to attain the value for their old electronic gadget value that can help in saving their shopping money. It can be gathered that the entire target consumer can be able to save maximum amount of $100 through the Best Buy option by mean of trading their old electronic gadgets (Bacile et al. 2014). Sales promotion can have certain disadvantages that must be considered by Samsung. For instance, if there are repeated promotions for sales of certain products can make its target audiences suspect that the product might have less sales because of its inferior quality. Public Relations: Featuring the specifications of all its electronic products at the time of Oscar award function before releasing the gadget must be released. The cell phones developed by the company are positioned to capture the worlds most popular selfies taken by the celebrities attending the award function. Whether or not all the target audiences watched the award function, it can be visible that all the popular celebrities are involved in twitter-crashing, taking record breaking Oscar selfie captured with the newly launched cell phones of the Samsung Company (Colleoni 2013). It can be observed that every time all the popular celebrities are on stage during the award ceremony, they take selfies with the cell phones of Samsung long with live twitting at the time of show hosting. Celebrity endorsement serves as an effective strategy of effective public relations strategy. "Celebrity endorsement" communication strategy through endorsing celebrities while using the companys products is deemed an effective marketing communication plan. This is because, in its latest and campaign, Samsung advertised their recently launched cell phone model at an Oscar award function in the previous years. One of the major disadvantages of the public relations advertisement is that if the promotional, messages those are to be communicated are not carefully developed and distributed in the media vehicle then the final message might not be communicated as per the plans of the marketer. Direct Marketing: Samsung Company must consider implementing direct marketing strategies based on which the company can come up with a communication campaign for promoting its entire electronics product segment. The objective of the direct marketing strategy of Samsung Company will be to be based on its demographic profile of target audiences within the age group of 15-50 years along with e-mailing postcard for their new electronics product segment (Austin and Pinkleton 2015).One of the major limitation that must be considered by Samsung while employing this communication channels is that the target audiences might not appreciate the privacy intuition or the mass of communication and might treat them as junk mails received by them regularly. Personal Selling: Samsung Electronics Company has several promotional activities in order to gain increasing number of loyal consumers from all over the world. Among the most efficient promotional activities for all is range of electronic products can be the personal selling strategy of Samsung Sense Academic Festival (Brunello 2013). This personal selling event can effectively help in selling its entire new electronic product segment based on one-to-one basis. In order to deal with increasing competition the company must pay increased attention on developing personal selling strategies for its entire electronic product segment for contact point of all its consumers might not be same. One of the major limitations that Samsung must consider while employing this communication channel is that personal selling strategy involves high costs in measuring the effectiveness of program. Communication Plan Effectiveness Analysis Evaluation of the marketing communication plan strategies serves as a way to analyze whether the communication plan developed by Samsung Company is effective enough to grab a large target audience base. Certain strategies that can be implemented by Samsung Company to evaluate the effectiveness of marketing communication channels in increasing sales, market share and consumer base that is mentioned under: Effectiveness Analysis of Advertising and Personal Selling: The effectiveness of communication through personal selling and advertising can be evaluated through two methods. Effectiveness of the advertising communication stategy can be measured in accordance to both sales and communication impacts. Effectiveness can be measured through analyzing the ways in which the advertisement has affected consumer re-purchase, product awareness, knowledge and preferences (Belch et al. 2014). If the demands are increased for particular product of Samsung Company or consumer loyalty has increased along with increase on market shares of the company it can be stated that the communication plan of the company has been highly effective on grabbing attention of the target audiences. Measuring effectiveness of formal and the informal communication channels employed can be through measuring their impact on increasing sales of Samsung Company. However, it is also agreed that measuring the type of communication plan effectiveness in consideration to sales impact is quite complex as Samsung should also consider several things that has an impact on the consumer purchasing decisions other than advertising strategy impacts (Batra and Keller 2016). Increase in the market share of all the electronic gadgets of Samsung in the target market will indicate superior effectiveness of all the strategies implemented through communication channels. Effectiveness of the communication plan can be measured through analyzing whether the plan has been effective enough in addressing the previously set marketing communications plan objectives. Conclusion The objective of the report was to develop an effective marketing communication plan for Samsung Company. The paper also conducted stakeholder analysis along with developing effective formal and informal communication channels. From the analysis of the paper, it was gathered that communication plan for the Samsung Company can be developed based on the analysis of the target audiences and the culture to which they belong. With increased demand of the effective and light electronic gadgets of the company, the target consumers try to save their time and ease of product use. The marketing communication plan of the company intends to reshape the behaviors of the consumers to generate a new lifestyle based on the companys gear product. The company can communicate their brand message to its target audiences through developing videos that will present the exciting features of all its Smartphone product ranges along with their qualities. Samsung Company must offer different bonus pack for its consumers those consider purchasing new Samsung electronic gadget in exchange for their old electronic gadgets in order to attain the value for their old electronic gadget value that can help in saving their shopping money. "Celebrity endorsement" communication strategy through endorsing celebrities while using the companys products is deemed an effective marketing communication plan. In order to deal with increasing competition the company must pay increased attention on developing personal selling strategies for its entire electronic product segment for contact point of all its consumers might not be same. Reference List Atkin, C.K. and Rice, R.E., 2013. Advances in public communication campaigns.The international encyclopedia of media studies. Austin, E.W. and Pinkleton, B.E., 2015.Strategic Public Relations Management: Planning and Managing Effective Communication Campaigns(Vol. 10). Routledge. Bacile, T.J., Ye, C. and Swilley, E., 2014. From firm-controlled to consumer-contributed: Consumer co-production of personal media marketing communication.Journal of Interactive Marketing,28(2), pp.117-133. Barger, V.A. and Labrecque, L., 2013. An integrated marketing communications perspective on social media metrics.International Journal of Integrated Marketing Communications, Spring. Batra, R. and Keller, K.L., 2016. Integrating Marketing Communications: New Findings, New Lessons, and New Ideas.Journal of Marketing,80(6), pp.122-145. Belch, G.E., Belch, M.A., Kerr, G.F. and Powell, I., 2014.Advertising: An integrated marketing communication perspective. McGraw-Hill Education. Blakeman, R., 2014.Integrated marketing communication: creative strategy from idea to implementation. Rowman Littlefield. Bostrom, A., Bhm, G. and O'Connor, R.E., 2013. Targeting and tailoring climate change communications.Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change,4(5), pp.447-455. Brunello, A., 2013. The relationship between integrated marketing communication and brand equity.International Journal of Communication Research,3(1), p.9. Colleoni, E., 2013. CSR communication strategies for organizational legitimacy in social media.Corporate Communications: an international journal,18(2), pp.228-248. Csiksov, A., Antoov, M. and ?ulkov, K., 2014. Strategy in Direct and Interactive Marketing and Integrated Marketing Communications.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,116, pp.1615-1619. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Jung, S.C., 2014. The Analysis of Strategic Management of Samsung Electronics Company through the Generic Value Chain Model.International Journal of Software Engineering and Its Applications,8(12), pp.133-142. Kim, N.R., Hong, S.G. and Kim, J.W., 2014. Operational Strategy of Co-creation Platform: Comparative Analysis of Samsung Apps and Apple Appstore.Journal of the Korea Industrial Information Systems Research,19(1), pp.99-109. Naeem, B., Bilal, M. and Naz, U., 2013. Integrated marketing communication: a review paper.Interdisciplinary journal of contemporary research in business,5(5), pp.124-133. Percy, L., 2014.Strategic integrated marketing communications. Routledge. Samsung.com, 2017. [online] Available at: https://www.samsung.com/us/aboutsamsung/investor_relations/financial_information/downloads/2015 [Accessed 5 Jan. 2017]. Schlinke, J. and Crain, S., 2013. Social Media from an Integrated Marketing and Compliance Perspective.Journal of Financial Service Professionals,67(2).

Disclosure Economic Of Benefits Operating â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Disclosure Economic Of Benefits Operating? Answer: Introducation The accounting function has the key role in the effective operation of the company. The accounting is done by following the accounting standard of the company. These accounting standards are prepared and developed by the standard setting bodies. There are two major bodies which prepared the same IASB and FASB. The report has been started with the introduction to the changes in the accounting standard relating to leases. For the purpose of the report the company Health Scope Limited has been selected and the audited financial statement along with the companys statutory reports for the financial year ending 30th of June 2017 has been considered. The reference has been made to the position and the performance of the company in financial terms in connection with the changes in the accounting standard leases. At first the benefit or the losses that the company will have from the changes has been discussed and thereafter the effects in the financial statements have been detailed. In thir d section it has been discussed whether the new reporting practices will be considered as more useful for the users of the financial statements of the company. Before concluding the report, the understanding has been made to the chief executive officer of the company.; Changes In The Leasing Standard The new leasing standard will be effective from the first of January of two thousand and nineteen. As every company operating in different industries will be using the plant and machinery or the buildings on the leases and hence will be affected by the changes in the accounting standard on leases. Why Leasing Standard Has Been Changed The earlier accounting standard on leases has become irrelevant for the users of the financial statements to take the decision. It is because the accounting treatment made by the companies in the financial statements of the lessor and the lessee does not facilitate the true and fair presentation of the financial position and performance of the company. It has been mentioned in the journals of the big auditing and accounting firms that the old standard has become vague as the accounting treatment is done in confusion and does not facilitate the comparison of the position and performance of the company with the different companies in the same industry or across the globe. Thus, in order to facilitate the comparison and understandability changes have been made in accounting standards (FASB, 2016). What Will Change The accounting treatment and the presentation in the financial statements have been changed. The accounting treatment on the part of the lessor will remain unchanged; the major effect will be on the lessee only. The lessor will now also be required to differentiate the leases into operating and financial lease and the lessee is now not required to make the necessary bifurcation of the leases (Day and Stuart,2013). Meaning To Our Chosen Stakeholder The stakeholder that is chosen for the purpose of the study is the Health Scope Limited and it operates under the GICS - industry sector Health care. It means a lot for the chosen company as the company is the lessee in all the cases and is listed company and will have to record the effect of the changes made in the accounting standard. The company has made the note in the financial statements regarding the applicability of the relevant accounting standard (Singer, 2013). Advantage / disadvantage to the stakeholder The company has the benefit in the sense that the companys financial statements will present more in a defined manner and in a faithful manner. Another advantage is that the company is not required to differentiate the leases into operating and financial lease rather they are required to record the leases as the actual assets and claim the depreciation accordingly as in case of the intangible assets. Secondly the company has the advantage of treating the lease payments as the liability and setting off the principal portion from the loan and charging the balance excess payment to the profit and loss account as the interest on lease (Lim, Mann and Mihov,2014). The main disadvantage that the company will have the increased compliance with the provisions of the accounting standard as the lease asset and liability both are required to be created. Second disadvantage is the increase in the cost of compliance with the relevant procedure and provisions (Gross and Huston, 2014). Effect Of New Leasing Standard On The Stakeholder The changes in the accounting standard of the leases will have the material impact on the financial position and the financial performance of the company. The company has in the Note number 2 of the annual report have mentioned that company is unable to identify the exact effect of the changes in the current year financial statements and hence the effect has not been disclosed and has not been taken into the consideration (Ely, 2015). Annual Financial Statements The changes in the accounting standard will not only affect the financial position and financial performance of the company but also the cash flow statement of the company. Following will be the effect with the changes in the accounting standard: Income Statement In the earlier standard, only the lease rentals are required to be disclosed in the statement of profit and loss account as operating Expense. But as per the changes made in the new accounting standard, three heads of expenditure will be there (Arrozio, 2016). First is the operating expense which includes the service fee, second will be the expenditure of depreciation on the leased assets and third will be interest on the lease rentals that will be disclosed in the statement of the profit and loss. The expenditure will be high as per the new accounting standard and hence the profit will be low in the new accounting standard and will be high in the old accounting standard (Ma, 2010). Balance Sheet In the earlier no assets or liabilities are recognized but as per the new changes these are required to be recognized. The changes have focused on the model based on the right of use rather than the model on the basis of the risk and rewards which is specified in earlier standard. The company will be required to record the asset and record the liability at the date when the lease is started (Moore and Nagy, 2013). The liabilities which are related to the leases will be measured on the basis of the lease term. It includes the lease which is optional in which the lease term may be extended and which cannot be terminated. The lease rental if any occurs because of some contingency or some significant event or due to the difference between the index rate then the same shall be added in the value of the assets and liabilities (Knubley, 2010). Cash Flow Cash Flow from operating activities has been decreased. The detail of the ratios has been given in the Appendix 2 and the relevant section of the leases in the financial statement of the company has been mentioned in Appendix 1. The ratios that might be affected is the capital gearing ratios, current ratio, EBIT, Net Income and Earnings per share. The effect will be like capital gearing ratio will increase (Company Official Website, 2017). Useful To Users The overall evaluation of the accounting standard number 16 is that the users of the financial statements will have the more detailed and exhaustive information about the working of the company. The users can have the comparison at uniform level and will be able to take the informed decision (Singh, 2011). Discussion To Chief Executive Officer Of Company The new accounting standard will provide the more detailed information about how much is the leased assets and how much is the related liabilities. The financial statements will provide the true and fair view with faithful representation as the company will now charge the depreciation on the leased assets for the loss of wear and use. Conclusion In order to conclude the study, the new accounting standard will facilitate the accountability, comparability and the better analysis of the financial position and the financial performance of the company. The company Health Scope Limited will have the positive impacts of the changes in the accounting standard. References Arrozio, M.M, (2016). Changes in the financial ratios of the wholesale and retail sector companies arising from the new accounting of the operating lease.Revista Eniac Pesquisa,5(2), pp.139-159. Company Official Website, (2017), Annual Report 2017 available at www.healthscope.com.au/ accessed on21/09/2017. Day, R. and Stuart, R., (2013), New lease accounting proposal: what it means and what companies can do to prepare.Financial Executive,29(6), pp.11-13. FASB, (2016), New Guidance on Lease Accounting available at https://www.fasb.org/jsp/FASB/FASBContent_C/NewsPagecid=1176167901466 accessed on 21/09/2017. Ely, K.M., (2015), Operating lease accounting and the market's assessment of equity risk.Journal of Accounting Research, pp.397-415 Gross, A.D., Huston, G.R. and Huston, J.M., (2014). The path of lease resistance: How changes to lease accounting treatment may impact your business.Business Horizons,57(6), pp.759-765. Knubley, R., (2010). Proposed changes to lease accounting.Journal of Property Investment Finance,28(5), pp.322-327 Lim, S.C., Mann, S.C. and Mihov, V.T., (2014), Market Recognition of the Accounting Disclosure and Economic Benefits of Operating Leases: Evidence from Borrowing Costs and Credit Ratings. Ma W, (2011), Impact on Financial Statements of New Accounting model for leases available at https://digitalcommons.uconn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1194context=srhonors_theses accessed on 21/09/2017 Moore, S. and Nagy, A., (2013), CONTRACT STRUCTURING UNDER THE NEW LEASE ACCOUNTING RULES: THE CASE OF CUSTOM DESIGN RETAIL, INC.Global Perspectives on Accounting Education,10, p.81 Singer, R, ( 2017), Accountinq for Leases Under the New Standard, Part 1: Definition and Classification of Leases and Lessee Accounting.CPA Journal,87(8). Singh, A.,( 2011). A restaurant case study of lease accounting impacts of proposed changes in lease accounting rules.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management,23(6), pp.820-839.

Distopia Essays - , Term Papers, Research Papers

Distopia Winter 2014. The Thin sheet Below me and the Thin sheet covering me do next to nothing to keep the cold out. But yet despite the weather the tiredness of my body always overcomes and allows me to sleep eventually. I look around and the lines and lines of people with the same two sheets, most have already drifted off into the only escape they can get while few like me take the small amount of thinking time we get before we make our escape as well. I shift my view to the ceiling wishing that somebody would just Wisk down and save us, I remember before it got too bad of the talk of fictional superheroes and it was amazing how much one was needed now, but alas the only real truth in those stories were the existence of super-villains. I stuck to that last dreary thought as I drifted to my escape. The ear-piercing scream of the wake up siren cut through my dream. I quickly pushed the fleeting thought of a woman dressed in white away as I rose in conformity with the rest of my people. Rising for inspection had become a non thought process task. Right as the last of us stood the Nazi officer burst through. He was there to make sure none of us had messed with our "attachments" while in bed. The attachments when turned on pushed all thought except for work from our minds making sure there was no possibility of rebellion or anything of the sort. but today was a special day, One Aryan officer who had hated all of what the Nazis had been doing since there win in world war two was supposed to be sending out an electrical pulse that should shut the attachments down so that each individual one had to be repaired. Only a few that had the job to rally everybody when the time comes were trusted with that task. The Inspector finished up his walk through and order us to work, I dwelled on the hope that our plan would be successful until my mind went blank. "dig, dig, dig" was the only thought coursing through my mind. I had in my hand a shovel as did several others around me, To my far left there was some metal work being done with power tools. "dig, dig, dig" I kept thinking, then all the sudden "dig, damn I'm tired, dig". I realized that the attachment had gone dead, as did several others around me, more than a couple stopped working looking puzzled, while some kept going, though noticeably slower. A single Nazi officer overlooking this group started pointing his gun at us. "what the hell do ya think yer doin" He bellowed. A man to my right started to say something but was quickly punched by the officer, who then got in his face yelling about things I couldn't make out. as he continued his onslaught on the poor man i took the opportunity and put one stabbing blow to the Nazi's head with my shovel. The others that were still working stopped and looked at me appalled. "This is our chance", I started, I took a second thinking about what to say but that was all they needed. Two men looted the Nazi's body while the metal workers to my side started passing more dangerous tools around. So far, better than expected. The chatter of machine gun fire was heard in the distance and that was all it took for our little rebel group to go running towards it. The battle for Freedom had begun.

How My Editor Helped Me Understand Historical Fiction • The Reedsy Blog

How My Editor Helped Me Understand Historical Fiction The Reedsy Blog How My Editor Helped Me Understand Historical Fiction Dan Cross' debut novel, Caesar of Mercenaries, has been shortlisted for the 2018 Wilbur Smith Adventure Writing Award. In this post, he talks about the responsibility historical fiction writers have when it comes to blending fact and fiction - and the advice his editor ultimately gave him that set him on the path to success.I have long possessed a fascination with history. I find it incredible how extraordinary events can be traced back, sometimes hundreds of years, to seemingly innocuous moments.Even more fascinating: some of these moments are due to the actions of one person or a small group who remain relatively unknown today. To me, these men and women are the lost champions of human history, and I delight in using my other passion, writing, to bring them into contemporary consciousness and to give them personalities worth remembering.Historical fiction is enjoying something of a resurgence in popular media today, including television and video gaming. But in no other medium is it more prevalent than the written word. From Ken Follett’s The Pillars of the Earth to Phillipa Gregory’s The Other Boleyn Girl, there are countless examples of authors reimagining past lives and events to create an entertaining and educational story.Caesar of MercenariesIn 2017, I learned of Captain Roger de Flor: a Templar who became a pirate, and then later the Megas Doux (or Caesar) of Constantinople. Reading the little information in the historical record, I became fascinated by this man and his adventures across the world. I wondered why Hollywood hadn’t made a movie about him yet, and then became excited about the prospect that I could be the one to tell his story. (You can read the synopsis for Caesar of Mercenaries here). Are you a historical fiction writer who's straddled the line between fact and fiction? Leave any questions or comments for Dan Cross in the comments below!

Social Media has Become a Ubiquitous Part of the Internet Essay

Social Media has Become a Ubiquitous Part of the Internet - Essay Example As the report declares Facebook is one of the simplest social media platforms to use. The interface of the site comprises of various aspects such as menu, friends, chats and newsfeeds. The menu aspect of the platform consists of the groups that the user visits and their basic information. On the other hand, the newsfeed refers to the updates by the users’ friends as well as their other activities on Facebook. The chat section of the website has names of the user’s friends who are online at the time of login. The list also enables the user to communicate on a real-time basis through chats. The other technical feature of the website is the concept of uploading videos and pictures. The user can share their pictures with other users by uploading them on the platform. The site also allows the users to comment and post on other persons’ timelines and updates respectively. According to the research findings Facebook is among the most effective social media platforms on the Internet. The site has the highest number of users, which makes it easy to interact. In addition, the interface of the website enables the users to perform different tasks easily such as updating status, chatting, uploading videos and pictures as well as creation of social and commerce groups. Moreover, the users can access the site through their mobile devices or the personal computers making it effective to use. The major audience of the site is the young population that is aged between 10 years and 30 years old.

Expectancy Violations Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Expectancy Violations Theory - Essay Example However, the scholar argues that personal space is continually reflective of the compromise present between conflicting approach needs that are intact with human beings in relation to having affiliation and privacy (Griffin 85). It is worth mentioning that personal space emanated from an anthropologist, Edward Hall from the Institute of Technology in Illinois. In his argument, he coined proxemics as a study in which people utilise space as special elaboration of culture. Furthermore, he argues that America had four zones that were related to proxemics: intimate distance, personal distance, social distance and public distance. In essence, the four zones range from 0 to 10 fits depending on the zone. In his works, Hall gives clear instances where Americans have continually being insensitive towards the cultures of other people. In response to such behavior, Hall argues that people should be enlightened on nonverbal behaviours that go in line with the communication rules from other peop le. For instance, he argues that people should not cross-boundary in any of the four proxemics zones without an invitation from the concerned person. Similarly, poem author Auden echoes the arguments of Hall insisting that one can only violate the personal space at his or her own peril (Griffin 86). In contrast to the expectation of many, Burgoon’s non verbal expectancy violation model counters the arguments of both Hall and Auden on the fact that people have specific expectations pertaining to invasion of privacy. In fact, her argument point to the fact that at times it is necessary to go against rules that have been put forward. Apparently, the application of this theory is mostly not assumed by the ‘culprit’ who invade the privacy of concerned individual, but the individual who gauge the zone in which the ‘culprit’ invaded in relation to their purported level of closeness and personal communication (Griffin 86). Of importance to note is that Burgo on at some point wanted to dismiss the entire model although she had no intentions of abandoning the concept of expectancy violation as an important concept in human interaction and as such gave an idea that the basic assumptions might have required testing and re-evaluation (Griffin 87). As a result, it was evident that the theory needed to be revised from a ‘convoluted model to an elegant theory’. For instance, in her previous writing Burgoon argued that people would automatically have physiologically arousal when their personal space was invaded. However, after re-evaluation she argued that a person would have mental alertness that would focus on the attention of the violator. In light of this, Burgoon new theory was able to incorporate other crucial nonverbal variables such as facial expression, face to face interaction, and body lean. Additionally, the theory is currently used to solve emotional, marital and intercultural communication (Griffin 88). In the general sense, the works of Burgoon have played a huge role in giving the necessary analysis of interpersonal communication and why people perceive its misuse as violation of personal space as per the limits of emotions and intercultural communication. As such, expectancy violation theory has three core concepts that revolve around it to ensure that its applications are valid.        

World Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

World Economy - Essay Example Certain pressures are being exerted on nation- specific factors by this global phenomenon, and left in its trail are transformations in the economy. Any organization that wishes to compete globally and maintain its relevance in the international scene must necessarily be involved in strategic planning. It is also a truism that there has been a rise in the importance of worldwide relations both in quantitative and qualitative terms. These global factors have led to an increase in the flow of information, knowledge, commodities and capital among nations. Liberalisation is another way of defining these shifts in the global economy, many economies of the world today have opened up their economic space rather than being conservative, as was the practice in the pre-globalization years. Governments are reviewing their economic system in line with today's global realities. In a bid to be relevant in today's world, alignments and re-alignments have taken place and continue to take place globally. The evolution of the European Union is one major reference point in this regard. It is important to note that in a capitalist economy, also known as a free-market economy; where the means of production belongs to private individuals or firms; there has been a dramatic change in the mode of operation of these firms. Ordinarily within a domestic economy, organ... Within a domestic economy, the kind of questions business organizations face are usually of the kinds listed below: 1.What products or services does the organization intend to sell 2.Where and how will the organization manufacture these products or services 3. Where and how will the organization sell these products and services 4. Where and how will the organization acquire the resources 5. How does the organization expect to outperform its competitors These fundamental questions have usually helped organizations in the management of a business. The process of answering these questions however becomes more complex when considered in the light of the realities of globalization. Many other factors must of necessity be put into consideration, factors such as varying languages, cultural diversities, differences in economic systems, financial market situations, fluctuations in foreign exchange, legal restrictions, low literacy levels etc. Despite these odds, more and more firms have adopted international management principles to properly position them in the global market place engendered by the ever-increasing trade liberalisation sweeping across the globe. Consequently, businesses are being developed to meet specific needs. Businesses today tend to centralize the authority and responsibility under one key individual thus providing a central point of control for the total flow. Under this arrangement, it is easier to look up to one central point for answers and action. This eliminates buck-passing. Furthermore, organizations today have imbibed personnel development. This is because it helps the personnel involved to gain familiarity of the global market place thereby increasing their opportunity for

Conflict Resolution Theories and Strategies

Conflict Resolution Theories and Strategies Conflict Resolution Conflict According to oxford dictionary the word conflict is defined as 1 A serious disagreement or argument. 2 A prolonged armed struggle. 3 An incompatibility between opinions, principles, etc conflict can be described as a disagreement between the parties, it arises due to lack of consensus between the parties. Conflict can arise due to various facts which can hinder the development in any sort of activity, generally it is caused due to: * Rigidity of rules and regulations * Inflexibility of the parties * Lack of cooperation and understanding between the conflicting parties * Due to the varied behaviour A conflict is a normal situation to happen as it is the human nature which is so varied and dynamic that persons with same perception about one thing may end up in a conflict over the other and Participants in conflicts tend to respond on the basis of their perceptions of the situation. People generally base their perceptions over their values, culture, beliefs, information, experience, gender, and other variables. Conflict responses are both filled with ideas and feelings that can be very strong and powerful guides to our sense of possible solutions. Conflicts, to a large extent, are predictable and expectable situations that naturally arise as we go on managing the complex projects in which we have significantly invested. As such, if we are able to develop procedures for identifying conflicts which are likely to arise, as well as systems through which we can constructively manage those conflicts, we may be able to find out new opportunities that can transform our conflict into a pr oductive result. Stephens P Robbins in his book Organizational Behaviour defines conflict as â€Å"Conflict is a process in which an effort is purposefully made by one person or unit to block another that results in frustrating the attainment of others goals or the furthering of his or her interests† Industrial conflict Industrial conflict refers to all the expressions of dissatisfaction which arise in an employment. There are many different kinds of industrial conflict, which can be divided into two broad classes 1 Formal. 2 Informal Formal industrial conflict is an organized way of conflict through a Trade union. It is characterised by organized strikes, which is referred to withdrawal of labour so as to constitute a temporary breach of contract, using the collective strength of the workforce to avoid sanctions and achieve personal objective of increase in pay or improved working conditions. Strikes may be reinforced by other types of formal tactics such as go-slow tactics and work to rule. Informal industrial conflict is not systematic or organized, it results directly from grievances, which arise at various situations. An informal industrial conflict includes protesting through absenteeism, frequent job-changing, negligence, and even accidents at work. An informal industrial conflict has rather more severe effects on the organization than a formal industrial conflict Industrial sociologists have also regarded spontaneous walk-outs and strikes as examples of informal industrial conflict. The idea of informal industrial conflict thus draws attention to the roots of behaviour which may appear strange from the point of view of management. A conflict can arise in a company as humans of varied perception are working under a single group, but a manager should be able to anticipate conflicts as he is given a responsibility to handle the conflict, thus it is the duty of managers not only to provide solutions to industrial problems but also to predict the future conflicts by anticipating them in advance and coming up with a solution well in time so that the productivity of the firm is not affected due to the conflict Functional and dysfunctional aspects of conflicts Most experts today view conflicts as a useful aspect of an organization. It is claimed that the conflict helps in preventing the stagnation and provide new ideas and solutions to various issues, it also stimulates interest and curiosity. But a conflict is helpful to a level where it is minimum and can be resolved easily, therefore it is necessary to keep a proper control of conflict by keeping it at a minimum level, as it helps an organization in the following ways: 1 It acts as a stimulant for change in the systems which are not conductive to the organization. The existence of conflict means that there is some thing wrong with the systems, therefore it helps us in improving the systems well before in time as it can lead the organization to losses. 2 Conflict sometimes may lead to innovation and creativity as in a conflicting environment people tend to put forward imaginative suggessions to solve the problems. In such a challenging situation people usually think before they put forward their ideas to resolve issues. 3 Conflict can be used as a source of reducing the tension and frustration as people express their frustrations by means of conflict. It helps people to bring them back to their normal situation which can be beneficial for the firm. While the positives of a conflict are few and limited, its negatives are abundant and may be severe for an organization. Conflict to an extent of healthy competition may be beneficial but when it exceeds that level it becomes destructive. Organizational conflicts have led to the closure of many organizations or has turned their profits into losses. Conflict may cause disequilibrium in an organization, it may lead to diversion of resources from constructive to the destructive activities also it is one of the major cause of stress and tension in an organization which leads to the decrease of overall productivity. These destructive causes by conflict are also known as dysfunctional aspects of conflict. But it is believed by certain scholars that Conflict itself does not create a problem, although it is the mismanagement of a conflict that can lead to a problem. Thus the negatives of conflict overweigh its positives and an organization should try to remove the conflict from its very basic roots so as to sustain in the long run therefore the companies adopt various methods to resolve conflicts, but as a manager you should always give priority to that method which assures that the same conflict is not going to arise in the organisation. The process of removing organizational conflict is known as conflict resolution. Conflict Resolution Conflict resolution is the process of reaching an agreement between the parties which are having a conflict or it is a process of reaching a consensus and improve the cooperation between the conflicting parties, conflict resolution is a way to overcome the problems of conflict. Conflict resolution includes strategies that help in handling the disputes between the conflicting parties. A given conflict should be viewed from the point of view of the issues that had led to its creation in order to resolve it and ensure that the conflict does not arise on the same grounds again. Thus conflict resolution refers to strategies of disposing off or settling disputes which may otherwise lead to violence or damage the relationship between various people, so it is always better to diffuse and resolve conflict before it damages the relations. Negotiation as a Method of conflict resolution. Methods of conflict resolution were originally developed for purposes of business management gradually these were used in the fields of international relations, legal settings etc. According to the principles of conflict resolution, the only true solution to a conflict is one that attempts to satisfy the inherent needs of all the parties involved. Thus an organisation should adopt such a method for conflict resolution that comes up with a solution for all the parties, it should come up with a resolution that satisfies the needs of all of them, because only those methods of resolving conflicts irradiates it and leaves less scope for the rise of conflict on the same issue. Thus to resolve organizational conflicts negotiation is the best way in which it can be resolved, as it is through negotiations that the objective of both the parties are considered and a point of consensus is reached through mutual negotiation by the parties. Negotiation Negotiation is one of the most useful approach used to make decisions to resolve organizational disputes. Negotiation is the most diverse approach to conflict resolution. Most conflict resolution programs employ some form of negotiation as the primary method of communication between parties. Hence it is also the major building block for many other alternative conflict resolution procedures, as it guides the organization to resolve disputes in one way or the other. Negotiation in an organization occurs between, managers and staff, employers and employees, professionals and clients, within and between organizations and between agencies and the public. Negotiation is a problem-solving technique in which two or more people who are in conflict with each other discuss their differences and issues so as to reach a joint decision on their common concerns. Negotiation requires participants to identify issues about which they differ, educate each other about their needs and interests, generate possible settlement options and bargain over the terms of the final agreement. In todays competitive environment negotiation is such a common problem-solving procedure that it is in everyones interest to be familiar with negotiating skills. Conflict resolution through negotiation is that it helps in * Reduction of the obstacles to communication * Maximized exploration of the alternatives to resolving the conflict * Satisfaction of everyones needs * Developing negotiating channel to stop future conflicts * Establishment of a model for future conflict resolution Review of literature Abstract 1 Conflict Resolution: The author of this article has elaborated that there are certain persons who hate conflicts based on their personality, the author believes that for everything there is a right time or in other words, timing is critical, in todays competitive world you should not just do the right thing but do the same at the right time. Before getting into conflict you should be able to answer three basic questions. Is the other party doing something that is getting in the way of your happiness or success, is the issue of such importance that the conflict should be raised, is the conflict with that person going to resolve the issue.. when all of the above queries give a positive answer you should then decide to go for action but it is advisable to first analyse the whole situation and then make a decision Abstract 2 Workplace conflict resolution This article provides that the prime cause of the work place conflict is due to the organization leaders who are responsible for creating an environment of disagreements and differences of opinion. In order to prevent the organisation from loss the managers should try to resolve through their intervention. This articles provides us with dos and donts in Conflict Resolution which can help in resolving a conflict in a better way. Resolving a conflict is challenging, however as a manager or supervisor, the role of mediator comes with your job. Your willingness to appropriately intervene sets the stage for resolution of conflict. And you should always remember to resolve the conflict in a manner that it is fully resolved. Abstract 3 Creating a Respectful Workplace: Workplace Conflict Resolution Strategies This article provides that people should feel good at the place where they go to work everyday, and different opinions regarding work may arise which may lead to conflict, and a respectable work place emphasise on implementation of workplace conflict resolution strategies . companies establish policies with an intention of preventing workplace conflict but its not a complete solution for the prevention of conflicts. However it is through continues interaction between people working in the organization with managers which can create a good work environment with an emphasis on the organisational culture. By developing such a healthy work environment you may be able to know the situation well in advance and devise strategies to prevent the conflict with a proactive approach. Abstract 4 Organizational Conflict The Good, The Bad The Ugly An organization in general does not consider a conflict as a way of getting the information from subordinates so that they may take corrective action before the worst. Organizations consider conflicts as unpleasant and time-consuming. Though organizational conflicts need not be destructive provided conflict is properly managed and directed towards resolving the issue. However the management of conflict requires that the persons in conflict are able to understand the purpose and root cause of conflict. A conflict can be constructive if it is properly managed, it can lead towards the organizational and individual growth. But when there is a mismanagement of a conflict it becomes destructive for the firm as well as its employees, usually the mismanagement of conflict arises when a conflict is avoided. Abstract 5 Is Conflict Prevention the Same As Conflict Avoidance A conflict can be resolved through logical approach or the emotional approach . the basic difference between avoiding and preventing the conflict is that preventing refers to use of precautions in order to keep a person away from conflict whereas avoidance means not to take care of the consequences and letting the conflict to grow rather than acting in the manner to prevent the conflict. A conflict can be destructive or constructive in its nature, a conflict is made destructive by not properly addressing the problems associated with it or by avoiding the conflict, however if it is managed properly or duly taken care of or prevented at the right time, it can prove to be constructive for an organization. Conflict prevention is not however binding a person to listen to the other party even if we disagree, a person should rather clarify almost every issue in which there is a disagreement which otherwise may act as a base of some other conflict. we should always approach the conflict with a positive approach, that a conflict has come into existence due to its importance and try to prevent the conflict in the future a conflict should not be however avoided so as to bring out positive results. Abstract 6 Resolving conflict rationally and effectively Effective conflict resolution skills of a manager can make the difference between its outcomes which may be positive or negative, on the other hand, if conflict is not handled efficiently, the results can be destructive. Thus a conflict should be resolved rationally and effectively as when a conflict gets mismanaged its effect is devastating for the firm on the whole. Thomas and Kilmann provided us with five styles of dealing with conflict which are. The Thomas-Kilmann Conflict styles (TKI) help us to identify, various style towards which people tend to move as the conflict arises: * Competitive style is used for the situation to prevent the exploitation by the other party * Collaborative style is used when the people cooperate effectively to satisfy almost all people involved * Compromising style where a solution that will at least partially satisfy everyone * Accommodating style where one party sacrifice to meet the needs of others. * Avoiding the conflict These styles may be used in resolving the conflicts, conflict management styles tend to come out with a solution to various conflicts, however different styles are different in their approach of resolving conflicts and may suit different situations. Abstract 7 Type related conflicts Conflict at work occurs due to a number of reasons, this article has explained the type of conflicts, through describing conflicts between Extraversion-Introversion, and Sensing-Intuition. People who prefer Extraversion work at a rapid pace. They develop their ideas by talking to individuals, resulting in frequent changes of direction during the course of a discussion. People who prefer Introversion want to process internally and do not share with others the course of action planned by them informally hence they rely on their own judgement only. This results in Extraverts seeing Introverts as people who are not interested in work, while Introverts see Extraverts as the people who lose out all the secrets of an organization. this may lead to the conflicts between Extraverts and Introverts Similarly people consider Sensing and Intuition to base their decisions, people who prefer Sensing comes with a solution whose implementation may not be accepted by the person who bases their decisions on Intuition. Thus this may be the base for the conflict between the parties. Abstract 8 How to Resolve Conflict Conflict at work occurs due to a number of reasons, this article has explained the type of conflicts, through describing conflicts which arise at the workplace due to the varying behaviour and varying solution to problems based on their Thinking-Feeling and Judging-Perceiving the decisions of the people who work in the organization may vary due to their varied decisions to the problems based on their Thinking-Feeling and Judging-Perceiving which creates conflicting situations between the parties as People who prefer thinking may not accept the solutions to the problem which is based on thinking and people who base their decisions on judging may not accept perceived solutions which may lead to conflict at the workplace Abstract 9 Ethical Conflict Resolution / Anger Management Tips This article is based on the management of anger while resolving conflicts. The author bases conflict is natural according to the varied human behaviour but we can resolve the same by knowing about human nature, and if we consider the human nature there may be the better the outcome for parties in conflict. The author has given tips to resolve conflicts which include: Be proactive instead of being reactive to the situation. Control your anger Do not tell people directly that they are wrong Look for mutual solution Admit that if there were any wrong decions made by your side Before telling people they are wrong admit your mistakes on the same Abstract 10 Basic Negotiating Tips This article provides us with some basic negotiation principles, skills, hints and tips in order to have a negotiation between conflicting parties. Negotiation should be a two way process, it should not come up with the benifet of one party at the cost of the other. Through negotiation we should be able to understand the needs of the other party. When we talk about negotiation we should never blame the other person for the cause of conflict rather we should be able to come up with a solution by mutual cooperation. If the negotiating parties blame each other in negotiating, they can create the worst situation. The author has also provided with some negotiation tips which may be helpful to negotiate the conflict. * Respect the Perspective of the other party. * Determine your Needs clearly without creating confusion. * Come up with Options Beforehand in order to resolve conflict. * Dont Argue with the other party * Consider Timing of negotiation as regarding the situation of the conflict Abstract 11 Understanding and Managing Conflict It has been said that the Chinese symbol for conflict is a combination of the symbols for opportunity and danger. This suggests that, at least in the Chinese culture, conflict includes the opportunity for resolution, and carries significant consequences if it is not resolved. Conflict generally falls into one of three levels. Level 1. Cant We Just Get Along Level 2: I Intend to Win. Level 3: I Will Make You Hurt. Identifying the right third-party intervener, whether an attorney, a mediator or an arbitrator, is the most critical part in predicting the success of a conflict resolution process. understanding the basics of conflict resolution, and by implementing the strategies appropriate to the situation, a person in conflict can find ways to successfully resolve the conflict and take the danger out of the Chinese character, leaving an opportunity for growth and learning. Abstract 12 Conflict Resolution Conflict can be viewed as a difference in perspectives: what you see, think, feel, and believe may be different from what I see, think, feel, and believe. While conflict can be a positive influence, it is not necessarily something that people want to face every day. As the saying goes, too much of a good thing is ? well, too much!. Conflict should therefore be resolved keeping in view win-win strategy which involves collaboration and negotiation. It is based on interests rather than positions One way that people grow is through overcoming challenges and developing good problem-solving skills. And if work environments support new ideas and encourage constructive criticism in an open, blame-free setting, problem-solving skills are encouraged and nurtured. As leaders and professionals, we can facilitate and support a win-win problem-solving workplace Abstract 13 Conflict resolution Conflict from the Latin root to strike together can be defined as any situation where incompatible activities, feelings, or intentions occur together. Conflict may take place within one person, between two or more people who know each other, or between large groups of people who do not know each other. the conflict may remain unexpressed, as in avoidance and denial A given conflict may be defined in terms of the issues that caused it, the strategies used to address it, or the outcomes or consequences that follow from it. conflict resolution refers specifically to strategies of diffusion developed during the second half of the twentieth century as alternatives to traditional litigation models of settling disputes. Based on the idea that it is better to expose and resolve conflict before it damages peoples relationships or escalates into violence, methods of conflict resolution were developed in business management and gradually adopted in the fields of international relations, legal settings, and, during the 1980s, educational settings. Abstract 14 Conflict Resolution Conflict resolution is an umbrella terms that covers may different methods that can be used to resolve the conflict. While everything a person does toward ending the conflict, no matter how unfortunate, is technically a form of conflict resolution, conflict resolution is also commonly called ADR which stands for Alternative Dispute Resolution. Common Types of Conflict Resolution are: Negotiation Mediation Arbitration Abstract 15 Conflict Negotiation Strategies Negotiations are the key to reaching agreement in a conflict situation. Without the proper training, it can be very difficult to reach a satisfactory agreement with your counterpart in a tense negotiation setting. Conflict arises because you and the other party in a business deal have differing opinions about what solution is the best outcome for a particular situation. It might be the wording of a contract, or the terms of a sale. One of the most important skills a negotiator will learn in training is formulating a clear objective of what to expect from the process of negotiating. You can also achieve a successful conflict negotiation by first beginning to reach an agreement on some small issues. Once you have some agreement, begin to build on this. By doing so, it may help you to achieve the ultimate resolution that you desire. Abstract 16 Two Common Mistakes in Negotiation Many people make two mistakes regarding their thinking about negotiation. One is the belief that negotiation is a formal event, such as a meeting at a conference table. This blinds them to the fact that they are negotiating all the time. Another is that they associate negotiations with money. The truth is, most negotiations dont concern money. Negotiations are about relationships decisions. At a personal level, at work, or between countries, specifics may vary, but negotiation is about improving the quality of life. Negotiations may be connected with a person: Personally Professionally For the Company Globally within between countries most actions are the result of negotiations, the negotiations of our leaders determine the world our children grandchildren will inherit. Abstract 17 Conflict and Negotiation The gradual shift over the last years form a focus on resolution to a focus on settlement has had an important implication for the conflict field. It has increased the importance of understanding negotiation. One of the ways for effective conflict settlement is enlightened self interest (Robin J.Z. 1989) which is a behaviour that allows moving towards your objectives in negotiation, and at the same time make it possible for other party to approach his/her goal. It is tempting for parties to a conflict to begin by experimenting with a set of adversarial, confrontational in the hope that these will work. People usually make a mistake by thinking why not give hard bargaining a try a first Negotiation is one of the tools that help settling a conflict; I would even say that also one with the most creative opportunities. Negotiators have well-recognized interests in the outcome, either in getting a settlement It is always better to try negotiating the conflict first than give it away and let an arbitrator decide about a solution. Abstract 18 Negotiation Conflict Styles Conflict situations occur when the needs of two or more negotiators appear to be incompatible or opposite. There are five models of resolving conflicts, All five profiles of dealing with conflict are useful in different situations. Although were capable of using all five, most of us tend to have one or two preferred negotiation conflict styles that we use unconsciously in most conflict situations. Compete (I win You lose) Accommodate (I Lose You Win) Avoid (I Lose You Lose) Compromise (I Lose / Win Some You Lose / Win Some) Collaborate (I Win You Win) Abstract 19 Summary Conflict Negotiation: Psychological Dynamics Conflict in negotiation may have a psychological basis that doesnt fully show itself at the negotiation table. There are many reasons why people respond defensively, or with some measure of hostility. We have to engage in communication to better understand the underlying reason behind this behaviour. A cooperative atmosphere can only be engendered when both parties think cooperatively, and believe that the other party will abide by any agreement they reach. It always takes one party to act first by being collaborative. Negotiators must always strive to fully understand the real interests that lay behind the position. Abstract 20 What Is Win-Win Negotiation? We need to appreciate that not just any agreement leads to a win-win scenario or outcome in our negotiations. In reality, very few negotiations reach this inspirational and theoretical ideal. Time constraints all too often straight-jacket how long and far we can explore. Attitudes, positions and skills set invisible boundaries that constrain what we see as possible. Win-win deals are more likely when set up correctly through effective use of framing, research and building relationships at the right levels. If a win-win approach is appropriate, its essential that we remember to pursue a win-win agreement for both parties. Abstract 21 Conflict Cooperation In The Workplace Is Conflict Bad? Many of us think that conflict is always bad. Thats not true. There are actually two kinds of conflict that occur, and learning which is which will help you handle each type better. how it works, how to avoid it, and how to deal with it when it occurs. It is indeed the rare organization that doesnt have to face the issue of conflict, In the workplace (and almost any setting), you are likely to find two forms of conflict. The first is conflict about decisions, ideas, directions and actions. We will call this substantive conflict since it deals with disagreements about the substance of issues. The second form, personalized conflict is often called a personality conflict. In this form, the two parties simply dont like each other much. Solution Strategies Identification Move To Substantive Issues Work To Prevent Personalization Abstract 22 How to Negotiate a Win-Win Conflict Resolution Once co workers get stuck in the points of disagreement, progress is stalled, and the team suffers. In these situations, teams need a step-by-step framework for conflict resolution, to move them from breakdown to breakthrough, these steps include :Determine the real problem, Identify goals, Generate other options, Examine the options and select one, Implementation and Set a review date. Abstract 23 Resolving Conflict in Work Teams As organizations continue to restructure work teams, the need for training in conflict resolution will grow. Conflict arises from differences, and when individuals come together in teams, their differences in terms of power, values, and attitudes contribute to the creation of conflict. To avoid the negative consequences that can result from disagreements, most methods of resolving conflict stress the importance of dealing with disputes quickly and openly. Conflict is not necessarily destructive, however. When managed properly, conflict can result in benefits for a team. Conflict in work teams is not necessarily destructive, however. Conflict can lead to new ideas and approaches to organizational processes, and increased interest in dealing with problems. Abstract 24 Methods of Conflict Resolution There are a number of different conflict resolution methods and tools that are available for people who are dealing with conflict. Conflict resolution methods usually involve talking the problem through and making sacrifices and compromises rather than inciting violence and fighting over the problem. Conflict Resolution Methods and Principles Think Before You React Actively Listen Promise a Fair Process Strive to Attack the Problem Take Responsibility Communicate Directly Find True Interests Be Future-Focused Explore Options for Mutual Advancement Abstract 25 Conflict Resolution Tips Although conflict is something that is unavoidable in our lives, conflict is quite full of opportunities. Still, conflict resolution is stressful and often frustrating without the right conflict resolution tips. If you want to commit yourself to conflict resolution, consider the conflict resolution tips Be Respectful Control your Emotions Use a Structured Process for Hot Topic Interactions Understand Willingly Communicate Openly and Hon

Atmosphere through Detailed Language in Snow Falling On Cedars :: Snow Falling Cedars Essays

Atmosphere through Detailed Language in Snow Falling On Cedars Snow Falling On Cedars, by David Guterson, is an emotional story. The death of a fisherman, Carl Heine, on San Piedro Island, turns into a murder trial for Japanese American, Kabuo Miyamoto. Also an inter-racial childhood romance between Ishmael Chambers and Hatsue Miyamoto shifts back and forth in time and the World War II Japanese Internment story unfolds as part of the romance. David Guterson creates atmosphere in the opening chapters through detailed language. The story is set on a pacific island where society is very small and the fishing community is very important to islanders. Guterson uses the sea, weather and landscape to describe many features in the opening chapters; this creates links between the setting and story. The use of flashbacks creates an interesting aspect to the novel. Guterson introduces the characters in very detailed portraits; this enables the reader to have a clear identity of each one. Tension is created in the courtroom through prejudice language and Guterson creates an atmospheric feeling to all court scenes. Kabuo Miyamoto is described as a criminal from the beginning of the murder trial; already the reader gets the impression that he is guilty for murdering Carl Heine. "†¦.his stillness suggested a disdain for the proceedings", this shows how Kabuo is feeling a dislike towards the trial, and creates a static atmosphere for the trial ahead. Kabuo also shows that he has no respect for the court as, "†¦.he sat proudly upright with a rigid grace", and he does not acknowledge anything that is going on, "†¦did not appear moved at all". Throughout the detailed description of the opening court room scene we can see that the atmosphere is very tense, and creates a feeling of suffocation, "It was a place of gray-hued and bleak simplicity". Kabuo Miyamoto comes across to the reader as a sensitive individual who is taking this murder trial in his stride. David Guterson shows that Kabuo was depressed whilst, "been exhiled in the county jail for seventy seven days - the last part of September, all of October and all of November, the first week in December", here Guterson lengthens the description of how long he was in jail for and creates a sense of boredom for Kabuo. The weather and sea descriptions that Guterson uses to represent and describe many scenes, are essential as they represent the San Piedro way of life.

Cross Language Translation in a Web-based Environment Essay

One of the major problems with cross-language translations involving those that are rarely used together (i. e. Finish Lithuanian) is that there are no dictionaries available or it is extremely difficult to find one. The main problem is that there are not enough people to create a market and no one would invest in creation of such kind of dictionaries. English-based dictionaries, however, is of abundance. This project tackled the above cited problem in Cross Language Translation using English as its base dictionary. Artificial intelligence through Neural Networks was used as it appeared well-suited to problems of this nature. For this reason, artificial intelligence through neural networks was investigated as a potential tool to improve translation accuracy but future implementation was left as a possibility. WordNet ® was also investigated as source of defining English words and possible tool to achieve greater accuracy in cross-language translations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to take this opportunity to thank all those who have contributed in any way, shape or form to the completion of this project report, those at Zodynai. org and the Anglia Ruskin University for their advice and support. Thanks to my friends and family who (once again) tolerated my lack of time and sometimes grumpy demeanour. More thanks to friends at Anglia Ruskin University for their ideas and criticism. Your support (directly and indirectly) is greatly appreciated. T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S ABSTRACT Acknowledgements TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES METHODOLOGIES DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSION AND EVALUATION BIBILIOGRAPHY APPENDICES A Project Specification B User/Software Installation Guide A C Software Installation Guide B D Poster and Visual Presentations E Source Code F Abbreviations and Acronyms INTRODUCTION The multilingual world and the barriers it entails. A large number of people across the world converse in English thus it serves as the primary lingua franca for developments in the research world. Most publications and journals are published in such language. This leaves publications in other languages inaccessible and apparently, information in English is withheld from those millions who do not speak English (Diekema 2003) Recent trends promote the construction of a far-reaching complex infrastructure for transporting information across boundaries. Apparently, language shares a vital portion in the hindrances presented by National borders. Whilst the fact is inevitable that English remains the most spoken language in the whole world and though, it is true that the spread of ‘World English’ can promote cooperation and equity, longstanding linguistic competition threatens to be even more divisive in a globalizing world. (Maurais et al n. d. ) A lot is currently going on to overcome these linguistic barriers. The most efficient approach to overcoming such is with cross-language translation and in this literature it will well be mostly in the web-based-online-dictionary aspect of such approach. English has always been the main focus of information retrieval, well, that is by tradition. Many of them retrieval algorithms and heuristics stem from English speaking countries and thus are based on the said language. Over the years, these retrieval methods have been adopted by other language communities, creating a wide selection of language-specific monolingual retrieval systems. However, to ensure complete information exchange, information retrieval systems need to be multilingual or cross-lingual. (Diekema 2003) There are a lot of ways to pin down the hindrance of being in this multi-lingual world, the barrier of being in a world divided by being in English- or Non-English-speaking territories. And, as presented, the most researched approach is through Cross-Language translation. OBJECTIVES Main problem that we are facing when translating with English based dictionary is connecting various language data bases. One of solutions for this program is to create a base dictionary (as seen in Figure 1). Figure 1 Other major problem is that performing translation a lot of noise is created. As seen in Figure 2. Figure 2 We can examine this in greater detail in Figure 3. Word Autobusas is translated from Lithuanian language to Russian based on English language. Two different possible translations occur (bus, omnibus) when translating Lithuanian -> English. First word â€Å"bus† translated from English to Russian has three meanings â€Å"Ð °Ã ²Ã'‚Ð ¾Ã ±Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã¢â‚¬  †Ã ¾Ã ¼Ã ½Ã ¸Ã ±Ã'Æ'Ã' Ã¢â‚¬  †Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã¢â‚¬  word translated. As first few are synonyms third one has totally different value and meant â€Å"Topology bus†. As you can see on reverse translations †Ã'ˆÐ ¸Ã ½Ã °Ã¢â‚¬  will going to give you four different meanings translated in Lithuanian language. Figure 3 We are going to investigate WordNet and Neural networks approach for possible solution of this problem. METHODOLOGIES Cross-Language Information Retrieval, its promise. Information retrieval entails an individual querying about something of interest to him. Inevitably, since we are life forms known to be ever inquisitive, we do Information Retrieval in every aspect of our living. This event so commonly happens in a lot of situation and may be best displayed in a Library when a student picks his book of choice. Formally, let us define Information Retrieval (IR) as the process in which users with information need query a collection of documents to find those documents that satisfy his need. (Diekema 2003) In the electronic realm, the user queries by typing in related words, the system then processes these keywords to create a representation understandable by the system. In the course of the procedure, the system usually strips off non-bearing fragments of the query keywords such as articles like determiners, prepositions, and pronouns. The document collection undergoes the same process resulting to a list of document representations or a catalogue. To find documents that are similar to the query, the ‘stripped off’ query representation is then matched against the catalogue. When a certain degree of similarity between the catalogue and the ‘stripped off’ query has been established, the documents with the uppermost similarity scores (depending on the settings, say top 10) are shown to the user as results. This occurs typically during browsing through the internet and Google. comTM best displays this example. A development of IR is CLIR – the Cross-Language Information Retrieval, which, as the name implies, is information retrieval in a multi-linguistic environment. Consequently, CLIR techniques simplify searching by multilingual users and allow monolingual searchers to judge relevance based on machine translated results and/or to allocate expensive translation resources to the most promising foreign language documents. (Diekema 2003) Simple IR systems only consist of a Query, an Input Cleanser, a Matcher, the Document database and the Output, in logical order. The addition of Language Translators would make this system a Cross-Language Information Retrieval system. Of course the Document database would now contain multi-lingual entries as well and the output is to be presented in the way the query has been placed in the input. Figure 4 would show the Cross-Language Information Retrieval system in schematics. The method Cross-language Retrieval Systems promises users to state their queries in their native language and retrieve documents in all the languages supported by the system. (Diekema 2003) Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. Artificial intelligence (AI) results to simulation of intellectual practice such as comprehension, rationalization and learning symbolic information in context. In AI, the automation or programming of all aspects of human cognition is considered from its foundations in cognitive science through approaches to symbolic and sub-symbolic AI, natural language processing, computer vision, and evolutionary or adaptive systems. (Neumann n. d. ) AI considered being an extremely intricate domain of problems which during preliminary stages in the problem-solving phase of this nature, the problem itself may be viewed poorly. A precise picture of the problem can only be seen upon interactive and incremental refinement of course, after you have taken the initial attempt to solve the mystery. AI always comes hand in hand with machine logistics. How else could mind act appropriately but with the body. In this case, a machine takes the part of the body. In a bit, this literature will be tackling about AI implemented through Neural Network. The author deems it necessary though to tackle Machine learning and thus the succeeding paragraphs. Machine Learning is primarily concerned with designing and developing algorithms and procedures that allow machines to â€Å"learn† – either inductive or deductive, which, in general, is its two types. At this point, we will be referring to machines as computers since in the world nowadays, the latter are the most widely used for control. Hence, we now hone our definition of Machine Learning as the study of methods for programming computers to learn. Computers are applied to a wide range of tasks, and for most of these it is relatively easy for programmers to design and implement the necessary software. (Dietterich n. d. ) Machine learning techniques are grouped into different categories basing on the expected outcome. Common types include Supervised, Unsupervised, Semi-supervised or Reinforcement learning. There is also the Transduction method and the ‘Learning to learn’ scheme. A section of theoretical computer science, Computational Learning Theory is the investigation on the computation of algorithms of Machine Learning including its efficiency. Researches on Machine Learning focuses mainly on the automatic extraction of information data, through computational and statistical methods. It is very much correlated not only to theoretical computer science as well as data mining and statistics. Supervised learning is the simplest learning task. It is an algorithm to which it is ruled by a function that automatically plots inputs to expected outputs. The task of supervised learning is to construct a classifier given a set of classified training examples (Dietterich n. d. ). The main challenge for supervised learning is that of generalization that a machine is expected in approximating the conduct that a function will exhibit which maps out a connection towards a number of classes through comparison of IO samples of the said function. When many plot-vector pairs are interrelated, a decision tree is derived which aids into viewing how the machine behaves with the function it currently holds. One advantage of decision trees is that, if they are not too large, they can be interpreted by humans. This can be useful both for gaining insight into the data and also for validating the reasonableness of the learned tree (Dietterich n. d. ). In unsupervised learning, manual matching of inputs is not utilized. Though, it is most often distinguished as supervised learning and it is one with an unknown output. This makes it very hard to decide what counts as success and suggests that the central problem is to find a suitable objective function that can replace the goal of agreeing with the teacher (Hinton & Sejnowski 1999). Simple classic examples of unsupervised learning include clustering and dimensionality reduction. (Ghahramani 2004) Semi-supervised learning entails learning situations where is an ample number of labelled data as compared to the unlabelled data. These are very natural situations, especially in domains where collecting data can be cheap (i. e. the internet) but labelling can be very expensive/time consuming. Many of the approaches to this problem attempt to infer a manifold, graph structure, or tree-structure from the unlabelled data and use spread in this structure to determine how labels will generalize to new unlabelled points. (Ghahramani 2004) Transduction is comparable to supervised learning in predicting new results with training inputs and outputs, as well as, test inputs – accessible during teaching, as basis, instead of behaving in accordance to some function. All these various types of Machine-Learning techniques can be used to fully implement Artificial Intelligence for a robust Cross-Language translation. One thing though, this literature is yet to discuss the planned process of machine learning this research shall employ, and that is by Neural Networks. There is yet to be a precise definition as to what Artificial Neural Network is, though many researchers would agree that it concerns a network of austere processing elements – otherwise known as the neurons, which presents complex behaviour established by the relationship amongst processing and parametrical elements. The main inspiration that lead to the development of this technique was from the investigation of, no lesser than, our Central Nervous System and the neurons (including their axons, dendrites and synapses) which make up its most important information processing elements. A neural network model would show us that simple nodes are connected forming a network of nodes — thus, its coining as â€Å"neural network. † A Neural Network functions in 2 different manners – learning and testing. The former would literally mean, the system learns the ways it is supposed to behave while the latter is when rigorous repetition of training would eventually result to a stable system, defined by its giving of constant satisfactory outputs. Most â€Å"abstract reasoning† of an Artificial Neural Networks are being implemented through three learning types – supervised, unsupervised and the reinforced learning, as has been introduced in the preceding paragraphs. Supervised learning entails a functional relationship between the input and the output. The system has to learn every possible IO pair that can be thought of. In case, there is a miss, all that has to be done is to input the said pair into the memory of the system hence when it resurfaces, the system knows how the handle it. Hence, basically, the goal is to ‘teach’ the network to identify the given input with the desired output. (Sordo 2002) This is usually best achieved when function f has already been derived to represent the behaviour of the Neural Network system. For unsupervised learning, we feed an input and a function to the system and record what behaviour the system outputs with such input and function. To begin with the learning process, there are no IO-pairs as opposed to supervised learning. Ultimately, the main goal of achieving the stable state will be attained through rigorous repetition of test with different sets of inputs. This type of systems – imploring unsupervised learning as its method of learning, are best displayed in statistical modelling, and the likes. Reinforcement learning stems its roots from the related psychological theory that has been conceived even before AI has been. Dynamically, in this type of learning, the machine interacts with its environment by producing actions a1, a2, †¦ These actions affect the state of the environment, which in turn results in the machine receiving some scalar rewards (or punishments) r1, r2, †¦ The goal of the machine is to learn to act in a way that maximizes the future rewards it receives (or minimises the punishments) over its lifetime. Reinforcement learning is closely related to the fields of decision theory (in statistics and management science), and control theory (in engineering). The fundamental problems studied in these fields are often formally equivalent, and the solutions are the same, although different aspects of problem and solution are usually emphasised. (Ghahramani 2004) Advantages of investing a system through Neural Networks. Neural networks with always have the outstanding characteristic of deriving intelligence from the usually complicated and, oftentimes, fuzzy data stored in the neurons. These systems, oftentimes, offer to be easy utilities to deduce patterns and perceive trends that are difficult to be noticed by either human observation or by our current computer intelligence. A trained neural network is regarded as an â€Å"expert† in the category of information it has been given to analyze. This expert can then be used to provide projections given new situations of interest and answer â€Å"what if† questions. (Chung et al 2007) It is used for adaptive learning on how to handle tasks based on the input provided for training or preliminary experience. It is a self-organizational tool that hones its own picture of the data it receives in as early as learning time. Neural networks another feature is that it is a real-time operation system where all calculation may be performed in parallel. Fault Tolerance via Redundant Information Coding is another aspect of the neural system where partial destruction of a network leads to the corresponding degradation of performance. However, some network capabilities may be retained even with major network damage. The platform to a successful implementation. Several environments can be used in totally implementing a Cross-Language Translator through with the various and fast developments in computer technology since its introduction. In the succeeding paragraphs we will be tackling some of those that has come the author’s A-list. Microsoft . NET Framework. This framework form part of Microsoft Windows operating systems, containing a vast number of pre-coded resolutions to general program requirements, and governing the performance of programs written particularly for the framework. This framework is a vital Microsoft contribution and is projected on being utilized by most applications created and to be created for Windows platform. Pre-coded solutions outlining the framework’s Base Class Library (third layer from Operating System in the . NET Framework) encompass a wide range of software requirements in areas including: cross language translation, user interface, database connectivity, cryptography, data access, web application growth, network communications, and numeric algorithms. This layer contains classes, value types, and interfaces that you will use often in your development process. Most notably within the . NET Framework Base Classes is ADO. NET, which provides access to and management of data. Supervising the software’s runtime requirements, this software is written for the . NET Framework implemented in an environment. This runtime environment, which is also a part of the . NET Framework, is known as the Common Language Runtime (CLR). The CLR provides the appearance of an application virtual machine, so that programmers need not consider the capabilities of the particular CPU that will implement the program. The CLR also provides other significant services such as security mechanisms, memory management, and exception handling. The class library and the CLR together compose the . NET Framework. The . NET Framework is included with Windows Server 2003, Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista, and can be installed on some older versions of Windows. .NET Framework 1. 1 This is the first major . NET Framework upgrade that is accessible on its own as a redistributable package or in a software development kit since its publishing on April 3, 2003. It forms part of the second release of Microsoft Visual Studio . NET – the Visual Studio . NET 2003, and is the first version of the . NET Framework to be included as part of the Windows operating system, shipping with Windows Server 2003. 7 .NET Framework 3. 5 This version was authoritatively released to manufacturing (RTM) on November 19, 2007. As with . NET Framework 3. 0, this version applies the CLR of version 2. 0. It also installs . NET Framework 2. 0 SP1 adding some methods and properties to the BCL classes in version 2. 0 which are vital for version 3. 5 features such as Language Integrated Query (LINQ). These changes, however, do not involve applications written for version 2. 0 and a separately, new . NET Compact Framework 3. 5 was released in hand-in-hand with this revision to give support for additional features on Windows Mobile and Windows Embedded CE devices. The source code of the Base Class Library in this version has been partially released under Microsoft Reference License. 7 .NET Framework 3. 5 builds incrementally on the new features added in . NET Framework 3. 0 – for example, feature sets in Windows Workflow Foundation (WWF), Windows Communication Foundation (WCF), Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF) and Windows CardSpace. This version also consists of a number of new features in several technology areas which have been added as new assemblies to avoid breaking changes. They are: (a) deep integration of Language Integrated Query (LINQ) and data awareness which will let to write code written in LINQ-enabled languages to filter, enumerate, and produce projections of several types of SQL data, collections, XML, and datasets by means of the same syntax; (b) ASP. NET AJAX 3. 5 lets you craft more resourceful, more interactive and highly-personalized Web experiences that work transversely with almost all the most popular browsers; (c) The New Web protocol sustain for building WCF services adding AJAX, JSON, REST, POX, RSS, ATOM, and several new WS-* standards; (d) Full tooling support in Visual Studio 2008 for WF, WCF, and WPF, including the new workflow-enabled services technology; and, (e) New classes in . NET Framework 3. 5 base class library (BCL) that address many common customer requests. Visual Studio 2008 and the . NET Framework 3. 5. The Microsoft Visual Studio development system is an appropriate development instrument devised to aid developers to tackle complex problems, thus create inventive resolutions. This system’s role is to improve the development process; hence, achieving breakthroughs would be easier and more satisfying. Using the Microsoft Visual Studio Development system will be very productive for this project since it would continually deliver better ways for cross language translations with less energy and with ease from other software. It has efficient form of code editors, IntelliSense, Wizards, and multiple coding languages in one integrated development environment (IDE) to high-tech applications in life- cycle management. New versions of Visual Studio keep bringing innovative tools to help developers focus on solving problems without wasting time. With this development system, software developers gain from an integrated product experience that spans tools, servers, and services. Visual Studio products work well together with other Microsoft software, such as Microsoft server products and the Microsoft Office system. Visual Studio offers a comprehensive choice of tools for all phases of software development, testing, deployment, integration, and management. Every kind of software developer, from novice to skilled professional, can use the Visual Studio because it is engineered to support the development across all types of devices such as PCs, servers, the Web, and mobile devices. Visual Studio is the most reliable tool that is engineered and tested to be always dependable, secure, interoperable, and compatible. Visual Studio offers an unparalleled combination of security features, scalability, and interoperability. Although Visual Studio always incorporates forward- thinking features, it is designed to ensure backward-compatibility everywhere possible. Being a set of technology capabilities, core products, and best practice guidance, the Microsoft Application Platform (MAP) focuses on aiding IT and development business partners to maximize opportunity. As one of its core products, Visual Studio has always and continues to help spearhead for the right customer links, business efficiencies, and value-added services through provision of a fully integrated and single development environment for all types of advances, including Microsoft Windows, Microsoft Office, Web, and mobile applications.